Why Was The Revolutionary War So Important - 902 Words

Black Americans were instrumental and influential in the American revolutionary era, the war had a tremendous impact on them but despite that, they in turn played a crucial role in influencing the course of the conflict. Among the crucial roles played by the enslaved American Blacks were service in the military where they were divided in two, some of them think independence may help them earn their freedom and those are the enslaved blacks who paid loyalty to Jefferson and his movement. Other blacks paid allegiance to the British and fought alongside with them since Britain had promised them freedom and liberty for whoever join them in the fight. Why was the revolutionary war so important to the American blacks? Since the war was mainly not about the abolition of slavery but to free a nation from foreign occupation and a system of colonialism? â€Å"Since the black Americans fought in both sides of the enemies, their informal partnership they formed with British infuriated while colonies pushing many towards the drastic step of declaring independence.† â€Å"Woody Holton†. So these tells that, black Americans were instrumental in the American revolutionary war. Even though not all the slaves attained freedom and liberty during the aftermath of the war. The independence was attained but still many black American slaves were considered property by some plantation masters. One of the most interesting and ironically was that unfortunately for many black Americans the aftermathShow MoreRelatedChina s Revolutionary War : A Successful Revolutionary Insurgency1218 Words   |  5 PagesChina’s revolutionary war. The keys to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency include understanding that the laws of war are developmental, that leaders must study the whole military situation, and that a military must be good at learning. The first key to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency is understanding that the laws of war are developmental. Comrade Mao, felt that leaders must take a progressive approach to understand war in general, the revolutionary aspect of war, andRead MoreMao Zedong And The Revolutionary War1156 Words   |  5 Pagesto conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency? The works of Chinese Marxist theorist and soldier, Comrade Mao Zedong, were key in understanding the problems that faced not only the Chinese Military, but the military forces of other major countries as well. Comrade Mao provided a logical description of the strategic problems regarding China’s revolutionary war. The keys to conducting a successful revolutionary insurgency include understanding that the laws of war are developmental, that a wholeRead MoreHistory - 10th Grade Short Essays.1379 Words   |  6 PagesWashington made him a good choice for commanding the revolutionary army? What were his most valuable contributions to independence? Washington would lead the Patriots to a surprising victory over Great Britain. There are many qualities that made George Washington into the great leader that he was. These qualities can be seen by the many decisions he made throughout his role as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and as President. Washington was a heroic man. As a general of the Continental ArmyRead MoreEvents and People that Shaped History Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica. Choosing such events or people to talk about is no easy task since there are so many that play a key role in how this country was founded, but the three different ones that will be covered in this paper are George Washington, the Revolutionary War, and finally the Civil War. One influential person that helped us found this nation was George Washington, Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in Virginia; he was the first President of the United States of America. Being commander-in-chief ofRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthe American Revolutionary War, however, the answer is clear. While the War certainly brought about change within the United States, it wasn’t necessarily very revolutionary. The most important aspects of the colonies, such as ideas about government, various types of societal equality, slavery and freed blacks, and the rights of women remained for the most part, unaffected. The theories and ideas about government that initially gave the war a purpose were definitely revolutionary. One notableRead MoreThe Contribution Of The Stamp Act1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe kinds of freedoms that were earned hundreds of years ago. Sacrifices had to be made in order to gain the amount of freedom we so greatly deserved; sacrifices that were at one point a great risk to many free colonists. As the Parliament wanted to gain more control and money, it took a toll on the colonists in America and led to conflict of interests. The Stamp act was a way for the British to collect money for their expenses and debts. After the rise of tension came the startling Boston MassacreRead MoreWhy Is History A Contentious Subject Within Schools Around The World?936 Words   |  4 PagesWhy is history a contentious subject in schools around the world? History defines a nation and who we are. History is inspirational and a very important subject that need to be taught in schools. Studyi ng history helps individuals to obtain knowledge of the past and it also give us an insight into the present and the future. It teaches us as a nation and how to deal with circumstances that bear a significant resemblance to those of centuries. History also teaches us the mistakes of the past and whenRead MoreDesigning An Omeka Exhibit On The Loring Greenough House As A Military Hospital Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesthe group contract, but has been approved by each group member so that we can move forward with this project in a cohesive and organized manner. This research will be compared and contrasted with modern instrumentation and procedures from another group members research to show the audience how far the medical field has come since the 18th century. The Omeka exhibit will flow from the Battle at Bunker Hill during the Revolutionary War into the Loring-Greenough’s House being transformed into a militaryRead MoreAmerican Beliefs and Values719 Words   |  3 Pages The Revolutionary period was influential towards the thirteen colonies. This time period included the famous Revolutionary war where the British colonies broke away from England and became independent and free. The American’s beliefs and values developed during this time and became important to why they were fighting for their freedom. Religion, freedom and liberty, and equality was only three of the many values the Americans had. Religion was important to the Americans during the RevolutionaryRead MoreSarah Osborn And The Bullets Would Not Cheat The Gallows1226 Words   |  5 Pages Who is Sarah Osborn and why is she important? This primary source analysis will provide information about Osborn and what she did in order for us to briefly answer these two important questions. This primary source is referenced as Sarah Osborn, â€Å"The bullets would not cheat the gallows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is Sarah Osborn’s deposition before the Court of Common Pleas in Wayne County, New Jersey, in 1837 but was excerpted from The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the American Revolution, ed. John

Essay on Elsie and Her Mother in Oranges Are Not the Only...

Elsie and Her Mother in Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit In a story of a young girl coming of age and finding her sexuality in a very religious community, it is key to have a female figure that plays a key role for the character. A mother should play the key role but what happens when this role is confused with a very spiritual role? Where will a young girl turn to when her life goes against the rules society has set for her? Jeanette has lived a sheltered life with no influence on her except for the church. Her mother is a strict Christian with a deep resentment for things and people not within her fold. Being brought up in a society where going against the norm is a sin. A society that shakes its head at acts of individualism and†¦show more content†¦These differences between these two women are what make Jeanette a rounded person, if not a confused one at first. Jeanette gained a sense a self with her mother. She knew she was to work with the Lord and teach his words to others. Her goal in life was to go and be a missionary, to teach others how to believe in God. Combined with this imbedded sense of self is the confidence Elsie gave her. Elsie not only understood the word of the Lord and came from within the society Jeanette grew up in, she had a sense of the world around her, that the world didn?t start and stop with the preaching of the Lord. Elsie gave Jeanette a feeling of fellowship, a deep friendship that was based on true feelings, not the Lord. In one part of the book Elsie helps Jeanette with the transition of home schooling, which was based on biblical texts, to public schooling. Elsie gave Jeanette a way of incorporating her biblical background into a public school setting, even if it did shock and raise eyebrows. The older woman gave Jeanette a much-needed avenue to express herself. At this time her mother is not too upset with the friendship. She likes the reaction Jeanette is getting from her religious art works and other biblical oddities that seem out of place in public school. Elsie is still seen as a fellow follower, a follower of Jeanette?s mother. The relationship between Elsie and her mother gets strained after Jeanette isShow MoreRelatedEssay Role of Women in Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit616 Words   |  3 Pagesof Women in Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit  Ã‚   In the novel Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit, by Jeanette Winterson, most of the important, decision-making, characters are female. Jeanette, the female protagonist, is greatly influenced by her mother, a strong, overbearing, eccentric woman, and by Elsie, a prominent member of the family parish who becomes Jeanettes only friend and closest confidant. Elsie and Jeanettes mother act as polar forces in Jeanettes life, with the mother encouragingRead MoreReligious Influence on Adolescent Development in Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit 1126 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment for a child not only physically but socially, sexually and artistically. Influences such as religion can impose changes upon this development, altering it to something it may never have morphed into otherwise. Religion can either be comforting or confusing depending on the approach. It can drive one to better understanding herself or completely steer her away from the church all together as a way of escaping constraints. In the novel Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, the reader sees Jean questionRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesalso their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This is great practice for the arena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakes, and based on your favorable comments about recent editions, I have again included some well-known successes. While mistakes provide valuable learning insights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the

Critical Appraisal Free Essays

Introduction This essay will critically appraise a paper investigating the relationship between moderate alcohol intake during pregnancy and risk of foetal death written by Andersen et al. (2012). This was a cohort study that used the data from a sample of 91,843 Danish mothers. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Appraisal or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was found that 55% of the cohort abstained completely during pregnancy, whilst the rest of the cohort reported consuming alcoholic drinks during this time. The authors reported that there was a substantially increased risk of either spontaneous abortion or stillbirth in women who consumed even moderately low amounts of alcohol (2-3.5 drinks per week) before their 16th week of pregnancy. However, alcohol consumption after 16 weeks appeared not to have an effect. The introduction of this paper is extremely short, although it does manage to summarise why the study was conducted and the aim of the research is clear. The authors highlight that previous research into the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on foetal death have produced conflicting results and that there appear to be geographical trends in the outcome of such studies. Although a lack of conclusive evidence is a solid basis on which to conduct a new study, the authors do not explicitly detail why the current study will be any different and how it will seek to overcome the limitations of previous research. The Critical Appraisal Skills Progamme (CASP, www.casp-uk.net) recommends approaching critical appraisals using three steps. The first step is to assess whether the study is valid by evaluating the methodological quality. The methodology of the current study is clearly laid out and replicable. Despite this, one criticism of the methodology is the use of self-reported alcohol consumption data. Self-reported data is vulnerable to social desirability bias by which participants may withhold or fabricate certain behaviours in order to fit in to what others expectations of them. Social desirability has been found to confound reports of other health related behaviours, such as diet (Klesges et al., 2004) and physical activity (Adams et al., 2005). Using the levels of evidence hierarchy (Foster, 2011), cohort studies lay below systematic reviews and randomised control studies in their ability to avoid bias. Therefore, the study’s design helps reduce the risk of other biases that could confound the results. The statistical analysis used was the hazard ratio. This analysis calculates the ratio of the hazard rate corresponding to the two conditions of an explanatory variable (Spruance et al., 2004). In the current study, it was found that women who drank even just low levels of alcohol during pregnancy had higher hazard rates of early foetal death than those women who abstained. This is a suitable statistical analysis that answers the research question at hand. The second step in the CASP recommendations for appraising evidence is to examine the results. It is important to consider how clinically important the results are and how much uncertainty surround them. Potentially, the current study has excellent clinical utility. Firstly, the sample size was large and as a result, the findings are likely to be very representative of the population as a whole. There is some cultural bias to be aware of as the sample was collected exclusively from a Danish sample. Therefore, the results may not be generalisble to women in other countries. For example, in the UK, alcohol consumption has been found to be much higher, especially among females in their teen years (Mukherjee et al., 2005). The last step suggested by CASP is to assess whether the results are useful. The current results may certainly be useful in the area of health policy development. The knowledge that even low alcohol consumption within the first trimester of pregnancy can increase the risk of foetal death strengthens current Government guidelines that recommend that women abstain completely from alcohol during pregnancy. In the United Kingdom, the Chief Medical Officer currently advises that women should avoid alcohol altogether but that if they must drink, to consume no more than 1-2 units once or twice a week. However, the current paper suggests that just two drinks per week could increase a woman’s risk of losing the baby. Nevertheless, the conclusions drawn by the study are based on the assumption that alcohol consumption contributed to the increased risk of foetal death and should be interpreted with caution. The study did not collect data on various other variables that may have contribut ed to the increased risk, such as illegal drug use during pregnancy has been associated with foetal death (Wolfe et al., 2005). Furthermore, consumption of large quantities of caffeine (Wisborg et al., 2003) has been found to be associated with a higher risk of early foetal death. The current study collected information on coffee consumption and it was found that 32.6% of women consumed between one and seven cups of coffee during their pregnancy. Therefore, coffee consumption and not just alcohol may have had an impact on the results. In the discussion, the authors acknowledge the large number of confounding variables that may have impacted upon the study. The discussion of the study does discuss the potential usefulness of the results. However, the authors state in the introduction that discrepancy amongst previous research was a driving force behind the study but fail to discuss why or how the current study may have alleviated this issue. In conclusion, this is a reasonably strong piece of research that could contribute considerably to health policy. However, it is flawed in some key areas and so the results should be interpreted with caution. For example, if the study is to be replicated, future researchers may consider additional outcome measures that could identify participants at risk of social desirability bias. Nevertheless, the finding that even very low consumption of alcohol before the 16th week of pregnancy may contribute to early foetal death suggests that this should be further investigated as health policy may subsequently consider recommending women abstain completely from alcohol until after their 16th week. References Adams, S.A., Matthews, C.E., Ebbeling, C.B., Moore, C.G., Cunningham, J.E., Fulton, J. and Herbert, J.R. (2005) The effect of social desirability and social approval on self reports of physical activity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161(4), pp. 389-398. Andersen, A.N., Andersen, P.K., Olsen, J., Gronbaek, M. and Strandberg-Larsen, K. (2012) Moderate alcohol intake during pregnancy and risk of fetal death. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, pp. 405-413. Foster, N. (2011) Making sense of the evidential hierarchy. In: Carmen, A. (Ed), Assessing Evidence to Improve Population Health and Wellbeing. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Klesges, L.M., Baranowski, T., Beech, B., Cullen, K., Murray, D.M., Rochon, J. and Pratt, C. (2004) Social desirability bias in self-reported dietary, physical activity and weight concerns measures in 8-to-10-year-old African-American girls: results from the Girls health Enrichment Multisite Studies (GEMS). Preventative Medicine, 38, pp. 78-87. Mukherjee, R.A.S., Hollins, S., Abou-Saleh, M.T. and Turk, J. (2005) Low level alcohol consumption and the fetus. British Medical Journal, 330(7488), pp. 375-376. Spruance, L.S., Reid, J.E., Grace, M. and Samore, M. (2004) Hazard ratio in clinical trials. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48(8), pp. 2787-2792. Wisborg, K., Kesmodel, U., Bech, B.H., Hedegaard, M. and Henriksen, T.B. (2003) Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: prospective study. British Medical Journal, 326, pp. 420. Wolfe, E.L., Davis, T., Guydish, J. and Delucchi, K.L. (2005) Mortality risk associated with perinatal drug and alcohol use in California. Journal of Perinatlogy, 25, pp. 93-100. How to cite Critical Appraisal, Essay examples Critical Appraisal Free Essays Critical appraisal is the use of explicit, transparent methods to assess the data in published research, applying the rules of evidence to factors such as internal validity, adherence to reporting standards, conclusions and generalizability.[1][2] Critical appraisal methods form a central part of the systematic review process.[3] They are used in evidence-based healthcare training to assist clinical decision-making, and are increasingly used in evidence-based social care and education provision. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Appraisal or any similar topic only for you Order Now when an entrepreneur is think about setting up in business it is important to think carefully about what is needed to make the idea a success, how the business will compete against other firms and how much money is needed to run it, these items would usually be included in a business plan. * The nature of the business it history and its legal structure * The product it offers, what make it different from anyone else, why customers would buy it and how it is protected from the competition. * The nature of the market and the firm’s customer base . * The objectives of the business( set-out target that entrepreneur would like to achieve ) * The strategy ( this set out how the objective is going to be achieved * Approach to marketing * The founder and employee * The firm’s operations ( where it is based, the production facilities it requires, the capital it has) * A forecast of sale over a period in the future. Idea generation (ideation) is critical to the design and marketing of new products, to mar-keting strategy, and to the creation of effective advertising copy. In new product development, for example, idea generation is a key component of the front end of the process, often called the â€Å"fuzzy front end† and recognized as one of the highest leverage points for a firm (Dahan and Hauser 2001). Ideation is the creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas, where an idea is understood as a basic element of thought that can be either visual, concrete, or abstract.[1] Ideation is all stages of a thought cycle, from innovation, to development, to actualization.[2] As such, it is an essential part of the design process, both in education and practice.[3] How to cite Critical Appraisal, Essay examples

Entrepreneurship for Business Venturing - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurship for Business Venturing. Answer: According to Davidsson (2015) invention refers to coming up with new ideas or products which did not exist before and would help to create value in the market. Many inventions have been made since the 16th century up to present time .I would have to examine the three major inventions that have transformed the operations of the people in the world by making work more easier. One of the greatest inventions was the invention of light bulb. This was invented by Edison in 1879 where he saw a need for lighting after electricity had been invented by connecting voltaic piles to charcoal electrodes to produce light. This was made possible through different trials of the invention by different people up to the end product. I believe he was the first to invent the product because it was successful and lasting different from other inventors who were not able to come up with the final product in the market. The second invention was the invention of shoes by Matzeliger in 1883 when he found out an automatic method for lasting shoes. He started with making designs for the shoe making machine and after different experiments he finally came up with a lasting solution which was a reliable shoe making machine .Lastly the invention of electricity by Michael Faraday. He came up with creating electricity through the process of electromagnetism where electric charge can produce electric fields which can be positive or negative which produces electric current. All these inventors were the first to invent because they came up with new ideas and they were able to patent their products which are used up to today (Drucker,2014). Many of the entrepreneurs who venture into franchises have a higher rate of failure compared to those who start their own businesses from scratch based on their ideas. This can be attributed by lack of passion of the type of enterprise since it was not someones innovation and it will lack commitment by the person and the founders. Also the franchisers do not understand the challenges that the enterprise faces hence lack of support. Lastly there are disputes between the parties since they have different expectations and goals about the franchise. It is not a waste of time to put a strategy on the business plan because a business plan is a blue print of the business. It shows the procedure of how the business would be operating from the time of formation to growth. The business will have to strategize to know their competitors, customers, producers and other stakeholders who will affect the operation of the business. It is also important to consider the quality and competence of the management team to help manage the business well. As a venture capitalist I will major on the experiences of the management team on how they run businesses and also focus on the financial plan of the business by focusing on the sales projections of the products offered (Shepherd,2015). According to Mehta (2010) patent is a technology which is very important for a business in invention of a new product. The importance of the patent involves; it gives a company or business competitive edge over other business, provides licensing opportunities with companies in the market and lastly it creates value for the corporate world because it is one of the assets of company. I examined three websites which involves alibaba.com, bigcommerce.com and shopify.com where I wanted to purchase a computer, printer and a scanner for my office work. Based on the websites the best was alibaba.com then shopify.com.Alibaba was the based because the website was easy to navigate through, their products were affordable and would offer great discounts. Their feedback was very efficient compared to other two websites. If I were to create the perfect website it would have different types of products which are available and affordable. The website should be easy to navigate through and the customers should be able to pay conveniently. It would be attractive to be able to create more traffic. References Davidsson, P., 2015. Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus: A re-conceptualization.Journal of Business Venturing,30(5), pp.674-695. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Mehta, A., Rysman, M. and Simcoe, T., 2010. Identifying the age profile of patent citations: New estimates of knowledge diffusion.Journal of Applied Econometrics,25(7), pp.1179-1204. Shepherd, D.A., Williams, T.A. and Patzelt, H., 2015. Thinking about entrepreneurial decision making: Review and research agenda.Journal of management,41(1), pp.11-46. See-To, E.W. and Ho, K.K., 2014. Value co-creation and purchase intention in social network sites: The role of electronic Word-of-Mouth and trustA theoretical analysis.Computers in Human Behavior,31, pp.182-189. Ward, A.C. and Sobek II, D.K., 2014.Lean product and process development. Lean Enterprise Institute.

Evolution of Police Responsibilities an Example by

Evolution of Police Responsibilities Abstract Need essay sample on "Evolution of Police Responsibilities" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The presence of police enforcers in a community or even in a state is almost a necessity. The whole idea of having police officers around makes the citizenry or the community in general safe and secure in their own homes. The time old dependency towards police officers as keeper of safety and security emanates from the principle that the responsibilities of these police officers support the core idea of societys law and order. The police officers role in the community as the protector and the person charged for the enforcement of law developed over the years. College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab professionals: How much do I have to pay someone to write my paper now? Specialists suggest: Winning Academic Essay Writing Delivered On Time Online Essay Writing Company Do My Essay Online Essay Writer Service Cheap Essay Writing Service Indeed, from being Praetorian Guard of the ancient Rome to the modern law enforcers of today, the responsibilities of these law enforcers have incredibly increased, expand or otherwise changed in its generic sense. But what brought about these changes? Is it the society which dictates the changes in the responsibilities of law enforcers? Or is it the societys leader? Or is it the societys law itself? Considering the great differences between the past and the present responsibilities of police officers have, this paper will discuss what have brought these changes. How Have the Responsibilities of Police Officers Changed Overtime? Law enforcement is as age old as the law which it tries to enforce. Thus, the changes and developments in the history of law may be considered as the direct link in the development of law enforcement. In discussing therefore how the changes in the responsibilities of law enforcers came about, this report will pide the era of law enforcement to the 1) Primitive and Ancient era; 2) City-State Era; 3) Progressive and Modern Day Era. The Police in the Primitive Era Enforcement of law and policing in the pre-civilized communities is guided by the Tribal System. In this system, the tribal chief is the repository of all executive, legislative and judicial power. This tribal chief has enormous power to give tasks to his tribal members including serving as his or his familys body guard. Considering that the law enforced in this era is retaliatory, the aggrieved family members are the one who capture and give punishment to the accused. In ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh is regarded as the leader of the community. Because war at such time is common, the pharaoh appoints a bodyguard to protect him and his family from assassinations. Other than this, the pharaoh also who appoints persons who are considered as public officers who performs police functions. Their weapon and symbol of authority is a staff topped by a metal knob engraved with the kings name (Wrobleski and Hess, 2006, p.5). Historians believe that the police baton of the modern day police origin from this staff of the Egyptian thus, creating the common notion that the Egypt, being the first known civilization, was a police state. Thus, from the foregoing, the responsibilities of persons regarded as the police officers of today was only basic guarding and protecting the lives of the chosen few or those that belongs to the upper class of the society. The person who serves as the police at that time therefore, has very limited and well-define as it does not concern the community at all but only certain number of powerful persons. The Police in the City-State Era The rise of the city-state brought with it the system of a clearer criminal justice system, though punishments indicated therein may still be considered inhuman and excessive in the present times. Group of person are commonly employed to bring violators before the throne of justice in the name of the king. Thus, mercenary system and secret police are later on employed. It is only in Rome that the first official groups of law enforcers are created in the person of the Praetorian Guard. They are formed by the first emperor of Rome, Augustus Ceasar. Aside from guarding the life of the emperor, their job also consists of guarding the palace and to patrol the city. Later the Vigiles or the Watchmen of Rome were created. Initially, their function only consists of fire fighting but the same developed to include arresting of law breakers based ob their own judgment. The Middle Ages introduced the class system where there is a definite pision between the rich and the poor. Thus, as this classification prevails, the watch system was introduced. It is a system where great importance was placed on patrolling the streets and guarding cities from sunset to sunrise. The primary function of policing became class control or keeping an eye on the vagrants, immigrants, thieves and outsiders in general. It may be said that at that time what the society designates as a crime flows from an attempt on the part of the subordinate class to re-equalize distribution of assets either on a collective basis through rebellions, revolution or riots or on an inpidual bases. Hence, at such time, the police agency becomes necessary as one institution to aid maintaining equilibrium of inequality (Robinson, Scaglion and Olivero, 1994, p. 47). It may be said therefore that during this era, the responsibilities of the enforcers of the law is beginning to widen as it does not only concern a specific family or person but it gave attention to the need of the society in general, the need of the society to harmonize the relationships of the different class and the need for the peace and order in the community. The Police in the Progressive and Modern Day Era The watch system was slowly left behind by the introduction of many forms policing. In England, for example, the first detectives were given birth by the name of the Bow Street Runners. This group of men first swept and clean Bow Street then later on, they were tasked to patrol the streets and combat highway robberies and other lawlessness. Then came the Bobbies of London which performs similar tasks. However, it is only through Robert Peel that the idea of policing became quite clear. He introduced the 12- point guideline or the Peelian Reform which became the world standard in policing and included therein the code of discipline, appearance, recruitment and visibility of the police officers (Danztker,1998,p.28-29). Today, responsibilities of police officers may be regarded as extensive as they adopt more on the needs of the society. Unlike the pre-modern era, their job does not only include the arrest of violators of the law but to the great extent, the maintenance of the order of the community (Walker, 1977, 143). The birth of modern technology widens the scope of police to include those that are committed not only in the community where they are in but also as to those committed in the cyberspace. Furthermore, the increasing numbers of crimes that are considered defiance against all state creates the InterPol. Thus, in the modern times, the responsibilities of law enforcers include not only protecting life and property but also it involves enforcing the law, performing criminal investigation and a more interaction with the need of the community through regulating traffic, control and other public safety duties. Policing has indeed included an array of activities in different contexts, but the predominant ones are concerned with order maintenance and the provision of services (Neocleous,2004, 93-94). Police responsibilities continues to increase as they are not only regarded as keepers of the law but also a person whom the society can depend on not only in times of criminal violence and lawlessness but also during helplessness due to personal circumstances, like when there is domestic trouble, and chaos that was brought about by nature like in times of calamities. Conclusion The responsibilities of the police enforcers had deliberately changed over the centuries. From being just the body guard of the elite or the chosen few to the person who is now playing a major role in the community as the protector and enforcer of law and order in the modern context. These changes were brought about by the first, the change in our system of law. This is best illustrated in the primitive times where the principle that is being followed is lex taliones and people themselves are the enforcers of the law. This is much different from the modern times where the help of the law enforcers are needed in order to execute the law. Second, the evolution of the responsibilities of law enforcers has changed due to the change in the society itself. Police responsibility therefore is a product of the societal structure of which it is a part. Simply stated, where the structure of a society provides more or less an equal right and opportunity for all societal members to share in access toand use of basic resources, then the police has as its function to see that inpiduals who attempt to interfere with that free and equal access are prevented from doing so. Conversely, if the society is class-based that society must have a state structure to maintain that unequal access to basic resources and the police are considered as that state structure that is tasked to maintain that inequality by force. Third, responsibilities of the police officers are changed due to the variety and constantly changing needs of the community. Day-to-day order in the community is a need of every inpidual living in a certain community. Thus, traffic control, non-criminal services like locating missing persons, dealing with marital disputes, crowd control, and ambulance calls became part of the responsibilities of police officers. Lastly, the responsibilities of police enforcers changed overtime due to the reform that is gradually created in the organization of law enforcers themselves. Community policing is now the trend. This policy is based on the philosophy on citizens and police working together in creative ways to help solve contemporary problems related to crime, fear of crime, disorder, and decay. Thus, the functions and responsibilities of police officers or law enforcers have changed overtime but one thing remains the same though, law enforcers are considered the protectors of the peace and order of the community. Through them, we are assured that our rights will remain respected and our liberty continued to be cherished. References Robinson, Cryil, Scaglion, Richards and Olivero, J. Michael (1994). Police in Contradiction: The Evolution of the Police Function in the Society. Greenwood Press. Wrobleski, Henri M. and Hess, Karen, (2006). Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. ISBN 0534646689. Berg, Bruce(1998). Policing in Modern Society. Elsevier. Neocleous, Mark (2004). Fabricating Social Order: A Critical History of Police Power. Pluto Press, 93-94. ISBN 978-0-7453-1489-1. Walker, Samuel (1977). A Critical History of Police Reform: The Emergence of Professionalism. Lexington, MT: Lexington Books, 143. ISBN 978-0-6690-1292-7.

Sk Ii Executive Summary Essays

Sk Ii Executive Summary Essays Sk Ii Executive Summary Essay Sk Ii Executive Summary Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This case examines PG and whether or not it has the ability and means to make SK-II a global brand. Paul de Cesare, President of Max Factor Japan and GLT member of the beauty care GBU, had to recommend one of three alternatives for a global strategy for the SK-II brand: expand into China, build on the brand’s success in Japan, or introduce SK-II to Europe. In doing so, he also had to keep entry strategies for the different markets in mind, and also the organizational change brought about by O2005. e Cesare should recommend the option of growing the SK-II brand in the Japanese market (where it has only 3% share of the $10B beauty market), and introduce the product into major cities of mainland China. In deciding upon which market to enter, two factors are important: 1. The individual country factors must be analyzed and compared with the core competencies of the PG organization. 2. One must understand what the effects of entering new markets will have on the newly created strategic organizational structure of PG under the O2005 plan Overview: The core competencies of SK-II can be replicated easily in the Asian market (Table 1, Appendix, page 6) The European market has different preferences than the Asian market and very different competitive conditions. Market share of SK-II is still low in Asia. The promise of success as shown by large growth in Japan, home to Asia’s most sophisticated beauty product consumers, necessitates that the focus should be on this region. However, with the new organizational structure of PG supporting the widespread sale of its successful products, an attempt at entry into the European/ UK market might provide clues of expansion into other Western markets. SK-II: Sources of Success Well researched and developed product, provides the multi-step process desired in the sophisticated beauty product market of Japan Service at the counter is strong, leading to customer loyalty

Contemporary Issue In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Contemporary Issue In Marketing - Essay Example Hence, marketers have begun implementing integrated marketing communication tactics along with technology and persuasive communication strategies, in order to build loyalty and long-term relationships with consumers. The present essay will shed light on the contemporary issues faced by marketers in current business environment and the use of integrated marketing communication, technology and persuasive communication in order to create a niche in this ever-increasing competitive environment. Integrated Marketing Communication Even after its inception over a decade ago, IMC and its definition is still subjective and varies in different situations. Few of the terms, defining IMC in parts, may include orchestration, New Advertising, whole egg, relationship marketing, seamless communication, total branding, 360 branding, integrated communication and integrated marketing (Kliatchko, 2005). Regardless of definitions suggested by scholars and researchers, it is undoubted that this new approa ch to marketing and business has become an unalterable strategic operation and no big organization can afford to skip IMC (Kitchen and Li, 2005). The emergence of IMC can be attributed to the inevitable change in customer perception and demands as well as demand for a more systemized and coordinated concept of marketing communication. ... Various studies and surveys on organizations, as well as consumers, have revealed argumentative theories as conclusions over the practice and viability of IMC. Eagle, et al. (1999) had studied advertising executives and marketers in New Zealand to understand the perception with respect to the concept of IMC. Two paradigm concepts dominated, where one considered IMC as a new concept, whereas the other touted it as an unremarkable contribution to the overall marketing. However, the final conclusion was that IMC is not a management fad. In fact, it can be considered as a fundamental change in the perception and practice of communication and marketing, among clients and advertising agencies. Electronic Relationship Electronic relationship is basically building and maintaining relationship with customers on the online platform. Electronic marketing and wooing consumers through digital media has become an integral part of any organization’s marketing and communication strategy. Kara hanna, Agarwal and Angst (2006) have argued that in the present business and economic environment, it is very important to remain connected and updated, be it latest trends and offerings in the market, changes in industry or availability of new information. However, with the rising number of online websites and corporations’ fighting over online media space, it has become a cluttered zone. Consequently, organizations are implementing strategies such as, customer relationship marketing, database research and database marketing, in order to track customers and keep them satisfied. Trust and Commitment One of the major salient features in effectiveness

Oral pathology related to thyroid disorder Research Paper

Oral pathology related to thyroid disorder - Research Paper Example In the event that a suspicion of thyroid malady emerges for an undiagnosed patient, all elective dental treatment ought to be put on hold until a complete restorative assessment is performed. Hypothyroidism is characterized by a reduction in thyroid hormone generation and thyroid gland capacity. Adolescence hypothyroidism known as cretinism is portrayed by thick lips, vast jutting tongue (macroglossia), malocclusion and deferred emission of teeth. Hyperthyroidism is a condition brought on by unregulated generation of thyroid hormones. The oral appearances of thyrotoxicosis, incorporates expanded helplessness to caries, periodontal malady, augmentation of extra glandular thyroid tissue (for the most part in the sidelong back tongue), maxillary or mandibular osteoporosis, quickened dental emission and blazing mouth disorder. Dental treatment adjustments may be fundamental for dental patients who are under restorative administration and catch up for a thyroid condition regardless of the fact that there are no co-horrible conditions. The thyroid gland is a bilobular structure that lies on other side of the trachea. Thyroid brokenness is the second most normal glandular disorder of the endocrine framework and is expanding, overwhelmingly among ladies. Up to 5% of the female populace has adjustments in thyroid capacity, and up to 6% may have clinically discernible thyroid knobs on palpation. An expected 15% of the all inclusive community has anomalies of thyroid anatomy on physical examination, and an obscure rate of these doesn’t finish a symptomatic assessment. It has been proposed that the quantity of individuals influenced may be twice the same number of as the undetected cases. This implies patients with undiagnosed hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism are seen in the dental seat, where routine treatment can possibly bring about unfavourable results (Malamed, 2006). The oral human services proficient ought to be acquainted with the oral and

Officer Mohammed (Tribute Speech) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Officer Mohammed (Tribute Speech) - Essay Example He never hid his pride about me. He treated me different from all other grandchildren, always protected me, and taught me what it takes to succeed in this life. Even though he had his good and bad days, my grandfather was so sensitive to the needs and interests of those around him. His charitable deeds cannot go unnoticed. He extended his charitable hand to the needy, poor, and orphans. He taught me that success and good performance is rewarded by taking me and my brothers to Egypt and giving me monetary rewards for my academic excellence during his life years. His memories run fresh through my mind. When I almost lost my life he was there to save me. This was the time I almost drowned at sea. Luckily Officer Mohammed was there to rescue me. After that, he took it upon himself to teach me how to swim, so that in a repeat situation I can save myself or any other person in need of my help. Amid his outstanding character and personality, my grandfather had one critical weakness; he is not the listening type. Notably, listening skills are vital in any level of interaction between persons (Downs, 2008). His quest for adventure was only satisfied by driving around the city. My father’s concern over my grandfather driving himself landed on deaf ears. He needed not the services of our family driver. An effective and efficient communication (Wood, 2009) never existed in Officer Mohammed’s world. He said and did what he wanted. His poor sight resulted in a road accident that saw him in a coma for 3 days. When he regained consciousness, he asked my father and my uncles to pass his greetings to me and let me know that he was so proud of me. Sadly, these were the last words he uttered soon after the 3-day coma, and that marked the end of his life. This was hard for me to bear because I was in the U.S from 2009 to 2010. I never got to say Good Bye to my beloved

12 Angry Men | Appeal To Pity

12 Angry Men | Appeal To Pity Juror eight used Appeal to pity fallacy which was the most powerful fallacy in the film 12 Angry Men. If we want to see which of the fallacies in the film is used most effectively, we have to take a closer look at which juror did the best job. Twelve jurors gathered in a hot court room to decide if an 18-year- old young man, who had been accused of killing his father, was guilty or not. At first, eleven jurors voted for guilty and one for not guilty. Obviously, eleven jurors, who voted for guilty, had come to vote in a few minutes and go back home, but it was juror eight who convinced other jurors to change their vote. Even though 11 jurors voted for guilty, juror 8 proposed an Appeal to pity fallacy, which was used most effectively, and helped other jurors to investigate the events step by step, and convinced them to vote for not guilty. Juror eight used Appeal to pity fallacy in an effective way. He proposed the first fallacy of the film. He did not claim that the boy was not guilty in a straight way, but when he proposed an Appeal to pity fallacy, it became clear that he wanted to find a reason to convince other jurors that the boy was not guilty. As a result, when juror three asked him if he really thought the boy was innocent, Juror eight said that he did not know. After that, he explained that the boy was not guilty because he was an 18-year- old boy with a miserable past. In juror eights opinion, the boy was too young to kill his father. This is an appeal to pity fallacy because the boys age and miserable life have nothing to do with his conviction. There is an important point here. This fallacy is a positive form of an Appeal to pity fallacy because when juror eight talked about the boys past, other jurors started to think about the events and try to look at the problem in a different way. As if they did not k now anything about investigation at all, and juror eights fallacy gave them an idea to analyze all testimonies which they had heard in main court room. Moreover, he never showed any bad or rude behavior to other jurors. He was always polite. Along with these good behaviors, he was very smart. For example, before the court appointment, he had gone to investigate the neighborhood of the house. This is a kind of smart approach because it revealed an important point about switch-knife. Moreover, even though there was no advance equipment in their hot room, juror eight asked for the diagram of the building and gave an idea to other jurors to measure the time intervals of events with simple and inaccurate tools. At first, other jurors did not accept, but when they heard juror eights smart descriptions, they changed their mind. Because of juror eights smart arrangement, other jurors saw the results and add their own analysis. For example, juror nine explained about the dragging leg of the old man who testified in the court. Then, juror two talked about the stabbing angle of switch knife. After that, it was juror four who described the mechanism of the switch-knife. At last, when all pieces of the puzzle were founded, they changed their vote for not guilty. As a result, Appeal to pity, which was juror eights fallacy, was the most effective fallacy in the film. It changed the situation in favor of accused boy, and saved his life. Calm behavior and effective fallacy of Juror eight convinced juror three. Juror three was the most aggressive opponent, but juror eight finally managed to persuade him to change his vote. This is an important point because juror three never wanted to change his vote. As a result, comparing to other jurors, I was very hard for juror eight to convince juror three. If we take a closer look at juror eight and juror three and compare their behavior, we may see how well juror eight did and how effective juror eights fallacy was. During the meeting, by convincing jurors one by one, the fallacy of juror eight became more and more effective, and the juror three became more and more aggressive. In other words, when juror three saw how other jurors were convicted by juror eights smart approaches, he became more aggressive. For example, after taking preliminary vote, when Juror three talked about the facts and the neighborhood womans testimony, he seemed a very strong and logical jury, but when juror eight proposed his fallacy, juror three became nervous and attacked to juror eight and threatened him. In contrast, Juror eight did not pay any attention to juror threes aggressive behavior and convinced other jurors one by one. When juror three saw that juror eights effusive reasoning convinced others, he said he did not care. He continued his opposition and talked about his argument with his son to prove that he was right. After that, when Juror eight found out that juror eight had a bias against the accused boy, he continued his work more calmly. The calm behavior of juror eight was not tolerable for juror three. As a result, juror three become more aggressive. He revealed his main reason of opposition and showed the photo of his son. Here is an important point. Actually, this was juror threes turning point because when he tried to show the photo, he felt his valet. He was very nervous. The level of his anger showed that in response to juror eights effective fallacy, he had nothing to say. In my opinion, the calm behavior of juror eight was one of the important reasons which made juror three angry, and persuaded him to change his mind. For example, juror eight was very smart and knew that the anxiety of the juror three was based on his past. Moreover, in the middle of meeting, we may see that the argument of juror eight became more personal because he claimed that if he were the executor, he would pull the execution switch. Again, this was juror eight who did better job because his smart behavior obliged juror three to play his last card and reveal the photo of his son. At last, when other jurors left him alone, he torn the photo of his son and acknowledged that it was his whole reason. This is one of the most important moments of this film. Because it shows that the fallacy of juror eight was the most effective fallacy which managed to convince the last juror. In the end of the film, we see that juror eight completed his smart approach. He did not le ft juror three alone. He was the last juror who calmed juror three and accompanied him to left the meeting room. In my opinion, Juror eights effective fallacy step by step convicted juror three to change his vote, and the calm behavior of juror eight played an important role in this procedure. In conclusion, juror eight used an appeal to peaty fallacy, which was the most powerful fallacy in the film, to convince other jurors to change their vote. Juror eight talked about the boys past live. For example, he mentioned that the boy was eighteen years old and could not kill his father. Even though they were not relevant to boys charge, helped other jurors to think over the case, and analyze the evidence step by step. Without his leadership, other jurors did not even know what to do. Most of the jurors had come to vote in two or three minutes and go home. Juror eights fallacy gave them an idea of thinking about the details. After that, we saw that other jurors started to think about events carefully, and add their own understanding to the main incident. For example, they did various measuring time tests and made a connection between the tests. Through the discussion, other jurors convinced one another and changed their vote based on juror eights fallacy. In the end of the film, juror three was the last juror who was convinced and changed his vote for not guilty. Juror three was the most aggressive opponent, but juror eights effective fallacy convinced him to change his vote. In my opinion, this film is a sample of democracy in The United States of America. Different people from different social levels try to convince each other and make a strong verdict to save someones life.it was the fallacy of juror eight which helped others to find a solution.

Type Talk Essay example -- essays research papers

Type Talk: The 16 Personality Types That Determine How We Live, Love, and Work by Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen Dell Publishing, October, 1989 Type Talk is a primer on personality preference typing centered on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (â€Å"MBTI†). The MBTI is a widely-used â€Å"test† that helps a person begin to understand why people perceive situations differently, communicate different from others, and opt for different activities. The book’s authors, Otto Kroeger and Janet Thuesen, husband and wife, have long been in the forefront of adapting the MBTI for use in everyday life and coined the phrase â€Å"Typewatching† as a descriptor for their work. Kroeger and Thuesen open the book with a chapter on â€Å"name-calling†. They use this phrase, not in the derogatory sense as is often the case, but to show that name-calling is used by everyone as a means of â€Å"cataloging people† based on their unique, identifying characteristics. If we’re to do this inevitable â€Å"name-calling† the authors believe it should be done in an objective and constructive manner and when elevated to this higher level it becomes â€Å"Typewatching† In the early 1920’s the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung developed a theory of personality types where he said behavioral differences were â€Å"a result of preferences related to the basic functions our personalities perform throughout life† (p. 8). Jung’s theory was published in his book titled Personality Types in 1923. Meanwhile, earlier in the century, Katherine Briggs was researching human behavior and through her observations had developed a way to describe it – that due to different life styles, people approach life differently. When Briggs read Jung’s work she found it to be very similar to her own work and set hers aside to focus on Jung’s. Shortly thereafter, Briggs’ daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers became involved and the mother-daughter team sought to assimilate their work with that of Jung. In the 1940’s Myers created an inventory based on her mother’s observations and Jung’s theory. The two women theorized that, with the offensive of the Second World War so near, if people were more aware of their psychological type they could be assigned to wartime roles that best fit their preferences. The MBTI was slow to gain acceptance by the psychological community. Few psychologists signed on to Jung’s obscure theories and even Jung himself felt his theor... ...Another benefit from the style of this book is that it prompts us to laugh at ourselves as I did when I read the traits of a (P)erceiver who is â€Å"easily distracted and can get ‘lost’ between the front door and the car† (p. 21). The foreword to the book comes from Dr. Charles Seashore, a faculty member at Santa Barbara’s Fielding Institute. In his foreword he presents what I feel is a major premise of this book where he says â€Å"impossible conflicts, unreconcilable differences, and personality conflicts are amenable to new types of solutions when seen through the lens of Typewatching. Our hopeless dilemmas are turned to the light in such a way that vivid colors soon replace dull and draining grays. The differences that block us can be translated into differences that empower us.† I find the views expressed in Type Talk offer a perfect complement to the humanistic perspective on personality where the humanists emphasize free will and the innate goodness of humankind. Typewatching seeks to move us beyond the simplistic good/bad, right/wrong approach to behavior by leading us toward an appreciation of the gifts and strengths of ourselves and others and a celebration of our differences.

MEMO strategy

This memo explains the strategy that I will apply to implement the communication situation of the case 5. Audience The audience for the message is the immediate superior, and therefore it is more effective to use memo to communicate with him or her. The reason is because memo is more formal and less personal than a letter or email. This is able to create the semblance of a valid business concern based on data and studies as opposed to a letter, be it hand or type written, which conveys sentiments and passion and is not regarded as authoritative. Purpose The general purpose of the message is to persuade. In order to be able to do this effectively, it must be shown that there is a valid business concern that needs to be addressed. The use of a memo, as mentioned earlier, gives the appearance of official correspondence devoid of any feelings and sentiments, which are usually not considered when making business decisions. Associated essay: Sample Memo for Company Team Building In order to convince the superior, there is a need to downplay personal convictions while at the same time express this as a valid business concern that is normally addressed in day to day business matters. Therefore, memo is the most often used means of accomplishing this in any corporate structure. Content The general tone that must be used in this memo is a formal business tone. The superior needs to understand the relevance of the matter in relation to business and company performance. This is why a business tone, which avoids conversational language, must be used. Structure Finally, since this will be addressed to a superior, the memo must avoid a direct and confrontational approach while maintaining its authoritativeness.   Before beginning, a buffer can be used to improve the way the superior will handle the situation and perhaps be able to get the desired outcome.   The first few sentences should already outline the problem that will be faced and the potential cost, which helps get the boss’s attention. By the end, it must be made clear to the boss what action must be taken.   The memo must also take care as not to appear as if it is attacking the superior or severely criticizing his decision and this can be achieved by adding a buffer at the beginning. Based on the analysis of this communication situation, I will use a memo as an effective medium to solve this case. To:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brad Pitt, Executive Director From:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hayeon Jung, Project Head Date:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   November 13, 2006 Subject:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Extended Warranties and Sales training We have recently received news which may be vital to the profitability of our extended warranty sales and after a careful study of our proposed actions regarding the sales training program for extended warranties, I believe that it may be in our best interests to come up with an alternative approach regarding this matter.   Based on my studies, this has the potential to be very risky move for the company because of the lower sales of all company products due to the anticipated consumer backlash to this marketing strategy. Business Week, a widely read business magazine, is publishing an article on extended warranties, and it makes specific mention of the fact that half of the warranty price goes to the salesperson as a commission and that only 20 percent of the total amount customers pay for warranties eventually goes to product repair. Early failures are usu ­ally covered by manufacturers' warranties, and the extended warranties we are selling are designed to cover that middle part of the life span. In other words, many extended warranties cover the period of time during which consumers are least likely to need them and offer no coverage when consumers need them most. While extended warranties present profitable margins for the company, the resulting consumer backlash from this article could potentially reduce sales for all of the company’s products. With the current sales training lined up, more aggressive marketing for extended warranties will send the wrong signal to the consumers. Furthermore, the potential threat of added media exposure caused by the article in Business Week could threaten the sales projections for the company. It is strongly recommended that the plan to continue the sales training be ceased.   Doing so will reduce any overhead costs and training expenses that may be incurred from the implementation of the training program. Moreover, alternative marketing strategies such as using the Business Week article to the advantage of the company can be formulated instead of the sales training. I strongly believe that our company has a great future under your leadership as we continually explore ways to strengthen the relationship between the customers and the company. Hayeon jung Customer Service Manager

Endeca Technologies Essay

Executive Summary Endeca Technologies is a software company that established by Steve Papa on September 4th 2001. In the case, the company is currently looking for a Series C round funding to reduce the expected pre-money valuation multiple times because of the NASDAQ had fallen. In the end, the company got a rough pre-money valuation of $25M. At this time, there are two different term sheets that each of them contains some pros and cons putting in front of Papa to let him choose. Overall, Papa should choose the first term sheet because the benefits in that term sheet are more than the second term sheet, and at the same time it has less cons. Does Endeca look like a good investment at this time? Overall, Endeca looks like a risky choice for investors to invest. Since Endeca is a technology software company, this industry is very competitive and intensive; everyday there are new firms emerge in this industry with new technologies and ideas. At the beginning, Endeca planed to make a Series C round funding in around November and Decemeber in 2000. However, because of the NASDAQ was falling, the CEO Papa realized that raising funding at that time was vey hard. Thus, Papa extended the funds from Series B to an extra six months. Papa’s action gave many other firms to have the chances to catch up and build up their technologies and management strategies. Thus after this six-months delay, Endeca needs to put in more effort to gain back its market status. What are the motivations for BVP and Venrock? Ampersand? Bessemer Venture Partners and Venrock invested in the second round on Endeca. Because Papa had connections with Venrock, where he had served a summer internship while at HBS. Papa and Venrock built the good relationship at that time, thus Venrock is willing to invest in Endeca, which is his motivation to invest in the firm. Ampersand is a new potentially company that will invest in Endeca in Series C. This is a very diversified company and so far they didn’t invest in any technology company similar to Endeca  yet. First, because Ampersand never invested in any firm in this industry yet, as a diversified investing firm, they are willing to take the chance to try new thing to invest on Endeca. Secondly, Ampersand has a long-standing connection to Endeca’s top management team, which is also Ampersand’s motivation to invest in Endeca. How has the CEO handled the C round? Would you do anything different? The CEO Papa hasn’t handled the Series C round well due to many different reasons. First, as mentioned before, because at that time the NASDAQ was falling, in order to avoid the bad investment situation and wished the market will get better again, Papa stretched the Series B investment for an extra six months. However, this turned out to be a bad decision. The fact is that the market didn’t improve later and the company was having difficult to get the term sheet from investors. Secondly, even though fortunately Papa got two term sheets in the end, what he did wrong was that he made a verbal commitment to the insider-led and a potential client DGSCP says that one offer is better than the other one. If in the end Papa choose the other offer, he might be risky on breaking his words in front of DGSCP and losing business with them. If I were responsible for handling the C round, I would definitely do things differently. First of all, I would not delay the Series C round investment. I think investment funds are extremely important on doing a business; it is always better to prepare for enough funding rather than need it but cannot get the money. In addition, I would not bring the insider-led and the potential client DGSCP into the deal to give any verbal commitment before I made my decision. Provide a detailed discussion of the pros and cons of the two term sheets. Which is more favorable to Endeca? Evaluate the two term sheets both financially (in terms of value) and non-financially (other terms.) Which provides them with a higher probability of survival and success? First Term Sheet Pros Cons Many investors who invested before, easier for the transition Barely dilutes Venrock Original Price equals to Liquidation Preference Made verbal commitment before Potential client DGSCP involved Lower price per share, $0.985/share Less Capital Low valuation Second Term Sheet Pros Cons Higher Price per share, $1.25/share More capital Bring in new investors, new opportunity Lose Anger Series B investors and DGSCP in the C round More complicated because of new investors Ampersand doesn’t have much experience in investing this industry Accrued dividends and redemption rights As the chief representative for Endeca’s shareholders, which deal should recommend to the Board? Why? As the chief representative for Endeca’s shareholders, I think Papa should choose the first term sheet. According to the analysis above, the first term  sheet has more benefits over the second term sheet and less cons compared to the second term sheet. The only thing I concern about the first term sheet is the capital is less than the second term sheet. However, in reality the capital that the second term sheet provided is still far from what Papa initially wanted for Series C. Most importantly, because Papa made the verbal commitment with the potential DGSCP client that he would choose the first term sheet, consider the future cooperation and business that Papa would probably do with DGSCP, I think it is a wise choice to choose the first one at this point.

Free Essays on Zero-Tolerance

Policing In the USA The appointment of the Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1988) marked the beginning of what is generally considered to have been a period of great change in American policing. However the concept of â€Å"Zero-tolerance† emerged in the 1980s. Zero tolerance was originally intended to send a message to people that certain behaviors would not be tolerated, by punishing both major and minor offenses severely. The Zero tolerance drug programs led to a host of civil rights controversies (Skiba and Peterson, 1999). The term then caught on among educators concerned about youth violence, and school boards across the country adapted to a zero tolerance policies for a range of disrupted behaviors. In 1994, President Clinton signed the Gun Free Schools Act, mandating one year expulsion for possession of fire arms in school. Zero Tolerance, the original version was the ‘broken windows’ thesis which promoted the idea of greater use of ‘beat’ police who patrolled neighborhoods on foot and negotiated acceptable public behavior - constantly making distinctions between the respectable and the disreputable. Importantly, in the original thesis public order was improved and maintained through the informal rules which were worked out at the neighborhood level (Wilson and Kelling 1982, p.30). More recently Kelling and Coles (1997) still stress the need for negotiation of a ‘disorder threshold’ and argue that ‘crackdowns’ and street ‘sweeping’ is far different from the ideas proposed in the broken windows thesis. What are the provisions of the Gun-Free Schools Act? The Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 mandates a 12-month expulsion for possession of a firearm and referral of law-violating students to the criminal or juvenile justice system. It also requires that state law must authorize the chief administrative officer of each local school district to modify such expulsions on... Free Essays on Zero-Tolerance Free Essays on Zero-Tolerance Policing In the USA The appointment of the Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1988) marked the beginning of what is generally considered to have been a period of great change in American policing. However the concept of â€Å"Zero-tolerance† emerged in the 1980s. Zero tolerance was originally intended to send a message to people that certain behaviors would not be tolerated, by punishing both major and minor offenses severely. The Zero tolerance drug programs led to a host of civil rights controversies (Skiba and Peterson, 1999). The term then caught on among educators concerned about youth violence, and school boards across the country adapted to a zero tolerance policies for a range of disrupted behaviors. In 1994, President Clinton signed the Gun Free Schools Act, mandating one year expulsion for possession of fire arms in school. Zero Tolerance, the original version was the ‘broken windows’ thesis which promoted the idea of greater use of ‘beat’ police who patrolled neighborhoods on foot and negotiated acceptable public behavior - constantly making distinctions between the respectable and the disreputable. Importantly, in the original thesis public order was improved and maintained through the informal rules which were worked out at the neighborhood level (Wilson and Kelling 1982, p.30). More recently Kelling and Coles (1997) still stress the need for negotiation of a ‘disorder threshold’ and argue that ‘crackdowns’ and street ‘sweeping’ is far different from the ideas proposed in the broken windows thesis. What are the provisions of the Gun-Free Schools Act? The Gun-Free Schools Act of 1994 mandates a 12-month expulsion for possession of a firearm and referral of law-violating students to the criminal or juvenile justice system. It also requires that state law must authorize the chief administrative officer of each local school district to modify such expulsions on...

Evaluation of Firm versus Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluation of Firm versus Market - Essay Example A firm’s decision to make or buy depends on which is more beneficial to the firm. If the firm chooses to make then it will have to engage in vertical integration where it starts or acquires a business in order to facilitate upstream activities that are required for the production of the goods and services that it provides. In making this decision there are various factors for consideration, including the coordination of production flows through the vertical chain. In order to determine whether to make or buy a firm should compare the benefits and costs of using the market as opposed to performing the activity internally. The benefits of using the market include: ï‚ § The fact that firms that are producing for the market (market firms)can achieve economies of scale that cannot be achieved by producing that the firm may not be able to achieve by producing it internally ï‚ § Market firms must operate both efficient and innovative to survive and so they have to subject themselves to the discipline that the market requires. The overall success of the corporate entity may hide the inefficiencies that exist in carrying out specific activities internally. The costs of using the market include: ï‚ § The fact that coordination of production flows through the vertical chain may be compromised when an activity is purchased from an independent market firm rather than performed internally. ï‚ § The risk of private information being leaked to competitors by the independent market firm.... In order to determine whether to make or buy a firm should compare the benefits and costs of using the market as opposed to performing the activity internally. The benefits of using the market include: The fact that firms that are producing for the market (market firms)can achieve economies of scale that cannot be achieved by producing that the firm may not be able to achieve by producing it internally Market firms must operate both efficient and innovative to survive and so they have to subject themselves to the discipline that the market requires. The overall success of the corporate entity may hide the inefficiencies that exist in carrying out specific activities internally. The costs of using the market include: The fact that coordination of production flows through the vertical chain may be compromised when an activity is purchased from an independent market firm rather than performed internally. The risk of private information being leaked to competitors by the independent mark et firm. transaction costs involved in doing business with independent market firms can be avoided if the activity is performed internally Coordination of production of production flows through the vertical chain is of extreme importance to business. When the decision to buy a product from a market firm is taken coordination of production flows has to be emphasized through the preparation of contracts. In order for this to be a success the decisions that one firm makes must be coordinated with those of the other firm. There has to be a good fit if this cooperative effort is to succeed. The dimensions of production that this encompass are timing fit; size fit; colour fit; and sequence fit. Timing fit relates to the coordination of the increased supply of a new

Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Research - Assignment Example Research findings, clinical knowledge, knowledge resulting from basic science as well as opinion from expert are all regarded as â€Å"evidence† (Drake and Goldman 32). Practices that are based on research findings, however, have high chances of resulting into outcomes that match the desires of patients across different settings as well as geographic locations. The challenge for evidence based practice is caused by the pressure from health care facility due to containment of cost, larger availability of information, greater sway of consumer regarding care and treatment options. This kind of practice demands some changes in students’ education, more research which is practice-relevant, and a working relationship between researchers and clinicians (Drake and Goldman 38). Evidence-based form of practice also brings an opportunity for nursing care to be more effective, more individualized, dynamic, streamlined and opportunities to maximize clinical judgment effects. When there is reliance on evidence in defining best practices but not for supporting practices that exist, then nursing care is said to be keeping pace with recent technological changes and benefits from developments of new knowledge (Drake and Goldman 49). Although many young professionals have embraced this new approach, it has come with its challenges. A number of researc h studies have indicated that perception of nurses towards EBP is positive and they regard it useful to better care of patients. This research will critically analyze the barriers towards full acceptance of EBP. This will be a descriptive research design. Qualitative research does not, by definition, aim to precisely estimate population parameters or test hypotheses. However, most qualitative projects do attempt. This design was identified as the most convenient and ensured that the data obtained gave answers to the research questions. Descriptive design also offers the opportunity for a logical structure of the inquiry into

Decision Making Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision Making - Term Paper Example Although different concepts on the theoretical framework for decision making have emerged, the standard decision-making model used in organizations focus on the rational model involving â€Å"a cognitive process where each step follows in a logical order from the one before†¦ (and) it is based on thinking through and weighing up the alternatives to come up with the best potential result† (decision-making-confidence.com 1). On the other hand, authors Ticha, Hron and Fiedler wrote an article entitled â€Å"Managerial decision making – importance of intuition in the rational process† published in the Agricultural Economics Journal which aimed to determine the role of intuition in the decision making process (Ticha, Hron and Fiedler). In this regard, the purpose of the paper is to choose a real life problem that have either been noted or where one has been a part of and analyze it using one of the theories or ideas discussed in the text or in class. The discours e would analyze the decision making process by linking it to theories and concepts discussed to derive a deeper understanding of both the problem and potential solutions through increased knowledge of administrative behavior in organizations. Organizational Problem One has learned from a friend previously employed in a health care organization of a decision making process that involved both the rational model and intuition. By intuition, Ticha, et al. ... involves the manifested difficulties of nurses managers to comply with their responsibilities that involve not only patient care but complying with documentation and reportorial obligations. According to nurse managers, the need to do some administrative and clerical tasks divide their focus on patient care, causing lower productivity and performance. Other symptoms of confounding problems are exemplified through back-logs in complying with monthly reports on status of medical equipment and supplies under their jurisdiction, performance evaluations of nurses, and scheduling vacation leaves and trainings for nurses. Alternative Courses of Action and Analysis of Options Using the rational model of decision making, since the problem has already been identified, the alternative courses of action were enumerated by department managers for presentation to the Vice President of Nursing and to be forwarded to the President and CEO for approval. The different options presented were as follows : (1) Status quo or do nothing, by forcing the nurse managers to comply with both adminstrative obligations and patient care. The advantage of this option is that there would not be any displacement or changes that could possible be met by resistance and difficulties in implementation. The disadvantage of this alternative is contined backlog in reports that could be significantly detrimental in the long run since the accuracy in information for performance of personnel, inventories of equipment and supplies and scheduling of vacation leaves are lacking, there are strong possibilities for insufficient supplies, demotivated staff and delayed promotions. In addition, patient care, which is of utmost importance would likely suffer as well. (2) Review the responsibilities of the nurse managers

Compare the ways in which 3 poets write about relationships Essay Example for Free

Compare the ways in which 3 poets write about relationships Essay Introduction To his coy mistress, Remember and Since theres no help are all poems about relationships, the difference is the interpretation of the poets message, structure and other various aspects of the poems. To his coy mistress by Andrew Marvell and Since theres no help by Michael Drayton were both written around the 16th and 17th centuries and explain very different characteristics of love. Drayton wrote a poem about the end of a relationship with a partner expressing that the love between them is dying. On the other hand Marvell writes, in a poetical way, someones argument to a lover trying to persuade them to have sex with them. This poem captivates your attention with the extremes a man would go to have sex with a young virgin, unlike the other poems that are about two partners love for each other. Similarly to Draytons poem, about love in a relationship, Christina Rossetti wrote a poem in the late 19th century to her partner telling him what to remember about their time together. Themes/subject The poem To his coy mistress starts with Marvell addressing the young lady, whom he wishes to be his lover that there is no time for her to be coy. Straight away this gives the impression that hes an intimidating and powerful man. Had we but world enough, and time, this coyness, lady, were no crime Marvell tells the lady that being coy is alright when you have time but implies their time is limited and therefore she has no time to be coy, in effect he is pressurising her to do something that she is uncomfortable with. Through the repetition of time in the above sentences you may have guessed that it plays an important role in the poem. Marvell refers to time regularly in the poem as part of his persuasion techniques. The way in which he uses time pressurises the woman into doing what he wants. For example Times winged chariot hurrying near implies that she cant live forever so must make the most of the time she has. He uses time again in the concluding lines of the poem as a last persuasion to get his way Thus, though we cannot make our sun stand still, yet we will make him run Here Marvell explains to the lady that they cannot make time stand still completely but they can make the most of the time they have. When you feel bored and upset your time seems to go slowly compared to when you are happy and this quote uses this to say that their time will be running if they are together due to the good times they will have. Similarly to Marvell, personifying time, Drayton uses the same technique by personifying love Now, if thou wouldst, when all have given him over, from death to life thou mightst him yet recover Here Drayton has personified love by saying it is dying but may come back to life. I feel this is a good method by which the poet can get his message across with ease. In this case Drayton has personified love as a person on the verge of death. When comparing the two poems it becomes clear that this technique is also useful in distinguishing the message from a speech or letter into a poem. Images A positive image in the love poem Remember is where Rossetti writes Better by far you should forget and smile than you should remember and be sad. She is expressing that she would rather be forgotten if that is the way to make her husband remain happy as she doesnt want to be remembered if it will make him sad. Rossetti symbolises her love for her husband because she couldnt bare him being sad by remembering her, therefore giving an optimistic image of their relationship. Rossetti also expresses sorrow images Gone far away into the silent land. When you can no more hold me by the hand portrays that when she dies she will go to a silent land where she will be all alone, in comparison to when she is alive she can hold her husbands hand, this reminding him that when she dies they will be separated forever. This is a sad image because it implies that their close bond will be split for eternity. The sadness is emphasised further because their relationship together was obviously true love yet now it is near its end. Marvell uses death in his persuasion, Times winged chariot hurrying near A downbeat quote persuading the young lady that if they do not have sex that soon times winged chariot will collect them. He is implying it will be too late if they wait as eventually they will get old and die. Marvell personifies time as a chariot and I think his meaning is that a chariot collects people once they die and as they age the chariot gets nearer and so tries to put across this image to the woman. Marvell attempts to persuade the young lady that he will spend an age to admire each part of her and at the very end of the admiration she will love him back. He then says that she deserves no less than this and that he will never give her less than what she deserves. An age at least to every part and the last age should show your heart: for lady, you do not deserve this state; nor would I love at lower rate this quote is not intimidating, like most of the poem I think he says it so the young lady thinks he is a good man. I dont think Marvell wrote the poem because of his love for her, even though in some parts of the poem he tries to re-assure her that he does love her, instead I think he uses it to take advantage of her naivety quote gives a pleasant image but has malicious intentions. I feel he says this only because writing about love is a good method when trying to lure her into bed and even though this quote may be deceiving she will probably not realise due to her young age. At the end of the poem Marvell tells the young lady that he would rather die than be without her Rather at once our time devour than languish in its slow-chapped power Lines 39-40. This gives an image that he would rather all his time go, and would prefer to die than be without her because he would have to suffer in times power as his life would seem to be going slower if he wasnt with her. As this quote is written in the concluding lines of the poem it continues to lead your thoughts to think he uses love as a means of enticing her into doing what he wants and to trick her into believing that hed rather die than be without her. In the poem Since theres no help there are a lot of negative images with few positive ones. This is due to the fact that love is dying out compared to Marvells poem in which the man wants the lady to believe he is in love with her, so if he expresses too many negative images then she would be less likely to believe him, different in that of Rossettis poem in which the relationship is very strong but the circumstances are of the person dying and not the love and by this she portrays how much love she has for him. In the opening lines Drayton tells the lady he wants nothing more to do with her you get no more of me even the phrase itself gives you the image that he doesnt want them to be together any longer. He continues to feel bitter and depressed and he reflects his mood in the negative images he gives in the poem. I am glad, yea, glad with all my heart, that thus so cleanly I myself can free Drayton is almost trying to persuade her and himself that he doesnt love her anymore and that he can be free of her, if their relationship ends. I dont think Drayton does want the relationship to end but says this because he feels that he has no choice and doesnt want to give his partner the impression that he would forgive her, whatever she does, otherwise she will take him for granted. Structure Marvell, Drayton and Rossetti all use rhyming couplets in the structure of their poems and this makes the poem easy and interesting to read. If it excluded the rhyming couplets reading the poem would be dull and the poets message would probably be lost in what would sound more like a speech. Drayton and Rossetti both wrote traditional love poems, the differences being that Rossetti wrote about the great amount of love between a couple and Drayton wrote about the lack of love in the relationship. Both poems include only 14 lines as opposed to the 46 of Marvells poem, however, all three poems work well. I felt Marvell chose to write a longer poem so he could properly express the argument and message it contained whereas I felt Rossetti and Drayton chose the shorter structure would be the most efficient way to explain what they wanted as they may have felt that choosing a longer structured poem to end a relationship or to express someones feelings would make the poem dull and boring. The difference between Rossettis and Draytons traditional love poems is that Rossetti split the poem into two stanzas; one with 6 lines and the other with 8 and thus uses the structure of a Petrachan sonnet whereas Drayton used the Shakespearean Iambic Pentameter which contains what would now be 10 syllables per line. Rossetti and Drayton writing a sonnet is evidence that they must love their partner. To write a sonnet to someone puts across the fact that you love them through the structure alone because of it being a traditional love poem. Language / Tone Marvell wrote his poem with persuasive and argumentative language. He tries to pressurise the person it is written for by consistently using death in his argument. At the beginning he says that there is no time to be coy but later says the opposite by saying if you please, refuse till the conversion of the Jews. As Jews are renowned for the pride they have in their religion he may feel there is not much chance of his succeeding with the young lady unless he poses this argument to change her opinion. Marvell tries to allure the young woman into having sex by using shock tactics Then worms shall try that long-preserved virginity and your quaint honour turn to dust and into ashes all my lust Notice the language that he uses, as opposed to saying that someone else will take her virginity he gives her the image of her losing it to worms once she dies. This is a horrific image and using this destructive image it is far more effective because of the message behind it. Rather than using kindness to persuade his mistress into having sex he tries to scare her and in using such a forceful phrase on someone he claims to love further confirms his intimidation of this poor innocent girl. In comparison Rossetti wrote her poem in a more relaxed way but still with an important point to make. This is because she was writing it to someone who she has loved for most her life, however, she still wanted to persuade him not to grieve. Remember is repeated throughout the poem, this is because she wants to be remembered but doesnt want to be mourned. Her message is expressed when she writes Only remember me; you understand and and afterwards remember, do not grieve both these quotes found in the second stanza of her poem prove that she doesnt want him to forget her nor grieve. Rossetti, unlike Marvell, didnt write on her own behalf as Rossetti wrote solely for her husband and mentioned herself rarely in the poem, I felt this was sad as she is the one dying but she didnt want to meake her husband feel more upset so she couldnt tell him how she was really feeling. You can tell she loved her partner and that the poem was written with good intentions. Drayton wrote his poem in such a way that it seemed that he was trying to persuade himself that he would be better off ending the relationship as well as telling his partner that their relationship had finished. Draytons intitial message to his partner is that their relationship is worth nothing, however, at the end begins to realise the love he has for her and so tells her the love may come back and as he does this the message at the end is very similar to the message expressed by Rossetti when all have given him over, from death to life thou mightst him yet recover Drayton, talking about love personifying, hints that the love may come back to their relationship and may this happen his relationship could be similar to Rossettis loving relationship with her husband. My response to the poems My feelings about each poem differ; I feel the poem by Rossetti is sad as you can tell the relationship was strong and the poem was written to give her husband strength to go on after her death and remember the good things once shes dead. It is effective as you know they had a good relationship because information such as their planned future together can be taken from the poem no more day by day you tell me of the future that you planned. It is also sad because she showed no self pity and so makes you feel sorry for her husband who wouldnt know how his wife felt about her nearing death. My feelings about Marvells poem are completely different. I think this poem is quite threatening and harsh. He tells the young lady in the poem that she has to make her decision before she is old and ugly as he will no longer love her. I think he is also mean to write a poem in the persuasive language he does because she is young and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and he uses this to his advantage. The horrific images he portrays further prove that he uses love falsely because if he did love her he wouldnt scare her into having sex against her will. Then worms shall try that long-preserved virginity and your quaint honour turn to dust and into ashes all my lust This illustrates the extremes the speaker is prepared to go to in order to get what he wants, he is trying to give her negative thoughts of what will happen if she rejects him. As mentioned before, the poem was written in the 17th century in an era which girls normally married as virgins and usually at a very young age. Marvell uses this to his advantage by continuing to express, what I think, is false love because by getting her to believe he is in love with her he feels he stands a greater chance of her losing her virginity to him. I felt sorry for Drayton after reading his poem because I felt he wrote it after finding out about his partners affair and this would account for his harsh way of ending their relationship and angry tone used when ending it. However, to tell his partner that he can be free without her is surprising, especially when at the end of the poem he says the love may come back. I think Drayton wrote this poem on the back of an affair his partner had been having, Now at the last gasp of loves latest breath, when, his pulse failing, passion speechless lies, when faith is kneeling by his bed of death. The phrase speechless lies could be a reflection of the times she lied to him while having the affair and faith kneeling by deaths bed shows that along with the love, faith had also left the relationship giving further reason to think she had an affair. Aswell as this Drayton lets his partner know that the love in their relationship is dying and has nearly gone completely, by saying that it is taking its last gasp of breath. Shortly after, Drayton gives his partner the impression that the love may come back. Now, if thou wouldst, when all have given him over, from death to life thou mightst him yet recover. This quote gave me the feeling that the relationship could come back giving reason to believe that the poem was written as retaliation after finding out about an affair. Understandably he would be distraught and so uses the harsh images mentioned in the early stages of the poem but finally ending by realising the amount of love he has for his partner and so says that they might be able to overcome this and love each other again. The poem I preferred Overall the poem that I most preferred was Draytons poem Since theres no help This is because unlike Marvells poem it isnt as long and is kept to a simple 14 line structure. I feel that this made it easier to understand as opposed to Marvells longer poem. Even though the longer length may have added more detail I found this made it far easier to lose interest. Rossettis poem, like Draytons, was short, however, I liked the way Drayton personified love throughout his poem by expressing loves life in his relationship. I disliked the overuse of remember in Rossettis poem, even though it was obviously intentional, I thought it made the poem repetitive with Rossetti continually telling her husband what to remember and remember what not to do. However, I did think that Marvells poem was strong in its persuasiveness and thought it would probably be successful in taking advantage of the young girl, which was the purpose of him writing it. Another reason for my preference of Draytons poem is that it questions the strength of the relationship and whether feelings can be turned off so easily.

Critical Discussion of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR)

Critical Discussion of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility Defined Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is when a corporation exceeds statutory business standards (Johnson and Scholes 2008). CSR policies are relevant because they state what a company intends to achieve, in addition, to its statutory obligations. A corporation has to comply with legal standards such as employment contracts. However, a company can exceed those principles if it chooses to pay a living wage rather than the minimum wage (Bloomer 2014). Introduction to the Critical Discussion The discussion will examine a traditional criticism of corporate social responsibility through the work of Friedman. This is a view which proponents of CSR will need to refute. The essay will then discuss how social and environmental responsibility can be reconciled, with profitability, using the work of Porter. The example of Hewlett Packard is discussed at length. This is because its policies emphasise how a multi-national company can achieve both environmental and social responsibility together with corporate profitability. The work of Handy is then considered. This argues that companies should have corporate objectives which are broader than just profitability and consider the purpose of the business. Friedmans View of Corporate Social Responsibility Friedmans view is a non-interventionist or laissez-faire vision of commerce. In his view business should aim to earn money while complying with the basic rules of the society such as paying taxes (Friedman 1970:1). It assumes that consumers are sovereign and are able to significantly influence corporate decision-making. This view of commercial organisations underplays the significance of consumer market failure. It is assumed that consumers can take their business elsewhere as Friedman believed that consumers can transfer their business to other producers (Friedman 1970). However, this is not possible if the consumer is unable to pay for another competitor firms products. This is the case if a consumer were unable to pay for the safety features, offered by a car manufacturer such as Volvo, as discussed below. To summarise, socially responsible polices, can be seen as unrealistic if consumers are unwilling to pay for them. Friedman argued that socially responsible business policies, such as promoting equality, can harm company performance. For example, Ben and Jerrys adopted a payment scheme where the highest paid employee could only earn no more than five times the income of the lowest paid firm employee (Barney and Hesterly 2010:7). This payment scheme made it difficult to recruit senior managerial talent to make sure that the company grew and remained profitable (Barney and Hesterly 2010). A More Progressive View of Corporate Social Responsibility There is an increasingly an expectation that companies will contribute to society to a greater extent than when Friedman was writing in the early 1970s. Companies operate in a social environment as well as an economic environment (Grant 2008). A firms ability to survive depends upon its acceptability among consumers who give the firm social legitimacy (Grant 2008:446). Examples of social awareness, such as a demand for safer cars, suggest that companies are wise to respond to consumer concerns (Grant 2008).Corporations have come under increasing pressure to contribute to the societies in which they operate and to adopt more socially responsible business practices (Christodoulou and Patel 2013:467). The corporate setting of voluntary objectives can be seen as an adequate response to the needs of society. Companies can set voluntary standards: to reduce the extent to which their actions cause negative externalities or side-effects (Barney and Hesterly 2010). For example, if a car manufacturer builds a car with a large number of safety features which more than comply with legal requirements. Volvo has promoted the benefits of a relatively safe car which adds value that the customer is willing to pay a premium for (Thompson and Martin 2005:95). However, this approach can also be seen as merely serving a premium segment of the market, rather than being particularly socially responsible. In this case, Volvo is taking a marketing position which conforms to sales objectives while offering better safety to the motorist (Johnson and Scholes 2008). Corporate social responsibility is only conforming to financial requirements. Porters View on Corporate Social Responsibility and the Environment The concept of CSR is useful as it can help reconcile the financial needs of business with say the safety needs of society. Porter argues that it is a mistake for business to see environmental legislation as a threat to be resisted (Porter and van de Linde 1995). Rather, socially responsible businesses can view regulation in a positive manner; that environmental regulation can be built upon to utilise resources more effectively. It is argued, that there are costs incurred with the elimination of environmental problems but that these are outweighed by the benefits, including financial savings and improvements to product quality (Thompson and Martin 2005). Therefore, it is possible for corporations to be socially responsible without compromising the financial status of the organisation. Porters argument is useful. It has allowed thoughtful companies, such as Hewlett Packard, to reconcile investment in environmental initiatives with corporate profitability. The Hewlett Packard Report Hewlett Packard has a strong reputation in terms of corporate social responsibility (thecro.com 2010). The companys CSR policies are detailed and indicate a high level of social responsibility. For example, the company presents environmental information, in a proactive manner, with evidence of wanting to improve recycling programmes. It aims to improve environmental programs to reduce the waste from its production operations (Hewlett Packard 2011). Through these environmental initiatives, the company can help reduce business costs. Hewlett Packards CSR report discusses how it aims to extract value from products which are at the end of their product life (Hewlett Packard 2011). An example is the companys commitment to re-manufacture its printer cartridges so that they can be used again. The company is attempting to promote a strong corporate responsibility through proactive environmental investment. Hewlett Packard has demonstrated strong social responsibility policies. This suggests that such policies can be implemented on a large scale. The company has provided a significant amount of disclosure on a wide range of corporate areas from the environment to human resource management. The detail provided by Hewlett Packard is superior to other companies given that online trade publications have viewed Hewlett Packards performance favourably (thecro.com 2013). Given that Hewlett Packard was assessed favourably then the information provided, in its CSR report, can be interpreted as thorough and accurate. The company attempts to improve the wider business community with measures to develop its external supply chain. The company aims for strong standards of behaviour outside the companys core business. This suggests that it is attempting to improve working relationships with its component suppliers (Hewlett Packard 2011). Hewlett Packards CSR document conveys that the company is enabling social responsibility to be addressed. The company suggests that it has a grievance procedure so that different stakeholders can report social or ethical problems to senior management (Hewlett Packard 2011). The company is clearly investing in a responsible approach as it describes legal observance as an absolute minimum which it expects of different stakeholders (Hewlett Packard 2011:82). They argue that their decision making achieves better employment standards, than laws in the different countries in which the company operates (Hewlett Packard 2011). Concerns over Hewlett Packards Stated Policies Hewlett Packard attempts to make the company accountable, to external industry scrutiny. Procedures have been outlined which should make sure that ethical labour standards are achieved (Hewlett Packard 2011). The concern is that ethical objectives could be difficult to implement. There does not appear to be a specific example of how this guidance statement could be delivered in practice. However, there is a well structured diagram which outlines how the company will provide a governance structure so that the company can comply with ethical challenges (Hewlett Packard 2011:82). Some of Hewlett Packards environmental statements can be interpreted as platitudes. The company claims that that it wants to conserve more resources than it consumes (Hewlett Packard 2011). The concern is that it is easy to provide such statements. However, it is more difficult to assess how they are going to conserve more than they consume. This is because environmentally acceptable re-manufacturing programmes will still require energy consumption despite the conservation of the materials. Hewlett Packard may have worse polices, in practice, than those conveyed by its report. This is because suppliers could be forced to comply with the companys standards. There are power relationships between dominant multi-national companies, such as Hewlett Packard, and their suppliers (Locke et. al. 2012). The international sourcing of computer components has left suppliers vulnerable to the dominant buying policies at Hewlett Packard (Wetherly et. al. 2011). These power relationships will tend to be overlooked, in corporate social responsibility reports, because companies will want to portray themselves in a favourable light. Corporate social responsibility policies have been criticised. The development of CSR policies have been difficult to implement for many firms (Birchall and Cook 2006). However, these criticisms should, generally, not be directed at Hewlett Packard due to the level of detail contained in its CSR report. Arguably, they have made an honest corporate attempt to contribute to society (Porter and Kramer 2002). The report goes beyond the legal compliance advocated by Friedman. The detail provided is of a superior standard when compared to a minimum level of legal compliance. The Business and Ethical Concepts of Handy The work of Handy, arguably, goes beyond the corporate responsibility work of writers such as Porter. This is because Handy emphasises the importance of mission statements and the purpose of the organisation. Handy argues that the purpose of a business . . . is not to make a profit, full stop. It is to make a profit so that the business can do something more or better. That something becomes the real justification for the business (Sage Publications 2015:15). Handy argues that a firms profit should be the means to a larger end (Sage Publications 2015). There are companies which adhere to a deeper purpose than merely profit. Tradecraft, in the UK, would be a good example as the companys purpose is to operate life-changing development projects (Traidcraft 2015). However, Traidcraft operates in a niche area of the retail market where affluent consumers, who are willing to pay higher prices, contribute to international development. Therefore Handys ideas may have limited application to businesses throughout the whole of the United Kingdom. However, his ideas are useful where they can be applied. Tradecrafts mission moves beyond immediate stakeholders, such as owners and clearly considers the needs of the broader society (Dess et. al. 2010). The company is an excellent example of a company which incorporates social and environmental, as well as financial factors, into its decision making (Dess et. al. 2010). The challenge for proponents of social responsibility is that many retailers only undertake social and environmental policies which do not damage their sales and profits. Many retailers will concentrate on environmental responsibility in their stores, where they can achieve resource efficiency targets (Jones et. al. 2009). Many retailers social responsibilities are guided by what they can achieve within their financial imperatives (Jones et. al. 2009). However, such corporate policies could lead to accusations of greenwashing. In other words, that the retailers commitment to the environment is limited and that social responsibility reports can play a public relations role rather than a social responsibility role. Many firms are engaging in greenwashing to mislead consumers about the extent of their environmental activities (Delmas and Burbano 2011). Conclusion There is evidence of improvements to companies social responsibility polices. This is because firms have realised that it is financially prudent to use environment resources wisely. It is also necessary for business to be sustainable and to invest in good employment practices and proper labour standards. However, there is a concern that corporate social responsibility is limited by what the consumer is willing, or able, to pay for more ethical approaches. There are few examples of businesses which are willing to adopt socially responsible policies which affect their profitability. Ben and Jerrys is one example before its takeover by Unilever. References Barney, J. and Hesterly, W., (2010), Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases, Third Edition, Boston: Prentice Hall Burchell, J. and Cook, J. (2006), Confronting the corporate citizen: Shaping the discourse of corporate social responsibility, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, 2006, p. 121-137 Bloomer, E. (2014), Local action on health inequalities: Health inequalities and the living wage, Public Health England. 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